• Environmental Factors: Exposure to allergens (e.g., pollen, dust mites), air pollution, and tobacco smoke.
• Respiratory Infections: Particularly during early childhood.

Symptoms

Asthma symptoms can range from mild to severe and include:

• Wheezing: A high-pitched whistling sound when breathing.
• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing or feeling breathless.
• Coughing: Especially at night or early morning.
• Chest Tightness: Sensation of pressure or tightness in the chest.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing asthma involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as:

• Spirometry: Measures lung function and airflow obstruction.
• Peak Flow Measurement: Monitors the ability to expel air from the lungs.
• Methacholine Challenge: Tests airway sensitivity.

Treatment and Management

Asthma management aims to control symptoms and prevent attacks. Treatment options include:

• Inhalers: Short-acting beta agonists (SABAs) for quick relief and long-acting beta agonists (LABAs) for long-term control.
• Anti-inflammatory Medications: Inhaled corticosteroids to reduce airway inflammation.
• Combination Inhalers: Contain both a LABA and a corticosteroid.
• Oral Medications: Leukotriene modifiers or theophylline for additional control.

Preventive Measures

Preventing asthma exacerbations involves several strategies:

• Avoiding Triggers: Identifying and minimizing exposure to allergens and irritants.
• Regular Monitoring: Keeping track of symptoms and lung function.
• Asthma Action Plan: A personalized plan developed with a healthcare provider to manage asthma and handle emergencies.